Critically discuss the position of legal aid in England and Wales Essay

Critically discuss the position of legal aid in England and Wales - Essay Example The government proposed changes in the civil legal aid as outlined by Justice Secretary Kenneth Clarke would see civil legal aid only routinely available for cases where life or liberty was so much at stake (Ministry of Justice, 2009, p.4). The funding would be removed on dispute like (Divorce, welfare benefits and school exclusion appeals, Employment, Immigration where the person is not detained and Clinical negligence and personal injury).However, legal funding would continue for cases like (Asylum, Mental health, Debt and housing matters where someones home is at immediate risk, Family law cases involving domestic violence, forced marriage or child abduction and for mediation as a means to resolve disputes). Other measures to be put in place are the use of telephone as single gateway to legal advice, purported benefit eligibility to access legal aid being replaced to depend on the disposable capital one has so as to qualify for the legal aid, and also the decrease in fees paid to the solicitors, judges and the barristers that provide the legal aid. The changes proposed in the legal aid are expected to cut the legal aid bill by  £350m a year by 2015. As its It is thought there would be 500,000 fewer civil cases as a result. The plan was taken through consultation from the public starting 15th November 2011 to 14th February 2011, so that the justice ministry could get the view of the public on the intended changes. It would discourage cases that are not worth taking to court being resolved through other methods of dispute resolution like mediation. As Mr. Clarke points out when reading the proposal to the MPs, he says that legal aid has seen unnecessary court cases that would have not reached the court-room door were they not being funded by tax payer’s money, but from the pocket of somebody else. He adds further that the proposal targets civil ‘and family schemes that discourage people to resort to lawyers and courts whenever they have

Kant's Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals Essay

Kant's Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals - Essay Example attributes concerning this proposition, he specifically delineates immaturity as the initial stage at which an unenlightened man is to be found then only by finding courage with reason can an individual attain to the state of competence and abolish ignorance. Kant argues that â€Å"our will is good when it is determined by reason† and the courage serves as a fuel toward the execution of reason. On this ground, humans are summoned to acknowledge responsibility by way of paying courage worth on initiating to acquire the pertinent means to discern oneself and create appropriate ethical response to the world. The power of reason is crucial and Kant promotes it for the sake of enlightenment much as he adheres to the power of reason for the purpose of obeying the dictates of universal law. Reflecting after this regard, I believe that the philosopher in his time desires to bring across resolution to the chaotic nature of man under the governance of reasoning so that a man discovers the potential advantage of being rational. For one to realize the value attached with duty, Kant likely conveys the requirement to appreciate reason. Moreover, he seems to try to make sense of reason in the light of distinguishing an action that comes from the pure intention to perform duty from an action that emerges out of self-interest or inclination. Here, Kant calls for the need to understand how reason manages to sustain enlightenment in human and in turn, the enlightened condition naturally opts for a deed with moral quality. A man whose well-being has reached such an extent of intellect or thought can be expected to act based on the so-called ‘maxim’ with the basic principle that â€Å"the moral action is to do one’s duty†. This I suppose is equivalent to claiming that a morally conscious person is one who has been refined in the process of enlightenment out of which proceeds the imperative of goodwill. Practically speaking, our experience of the world reveals that it is

Portable water purification systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Portable water purification systems - Essay Example With a fast growing world population, demand for water has massively been on the rise. The need for not only safe but also clean water ideal for human consumption has been a great challenge to the developing world. This has been further compounded on by contamination of the scarce water resources in those areas by various contaminators such as animal waste, human disposal waste, landfills, leaching and other industrial wastes. In addition, these countries might not have adequate infrastructure to enhance clean water supply. This report therefore outlines a marketing plan for the supply of water in one of the developing countries in Africa that has faced the problem of purified water supply- Sudan. It will outline how the provision of reverse osmosis units and portable purifiers for households in the country who have been worst hit by the problem of obtaining safe water for domestic use. Marketing of products for the improvement of living standards is an essential component for the se nsitization of populations that may be helpless and even ill informed on the modern and simple methods of purifying and conserving water for domestic use. A good example of a similar project in the area that has been a success because of appropriate marketing is the provision of mosquito nets in the area to reduce spread of malaria. Portable Water Purifier, Its Features, and Benefits This plan has considered various factors before it identified the most appropriate water-purifying product for promotion in the proposed area. The major factors taken into account before arriving at the best product included type and amount of water contaminants in the area, cost of equipment purchase, operation and maintenance costs, usability and the space needed for operation or storage. Portable water purifiers are simple household gadgets made out of locally available materials to enable as many households or communities as possible to have access to clean water. The product is designed to enable f iltration and purification of water through layers of pebbles that can be replaced with clean sand and then the filtered water is taken through a purification chamber where chlorination takes place. All of these are in a ten litres container that makes it possible to obtain safe and pure drinking water from the highly sedimented and contaminated water from the rivers and boreholes in the region. The portable water purifier is therefore a simple and manageable product that is easily adoptable by the population because of its straightforward use and the relatively lower costs of purchase and maintenance. It has three main components in terms of the sections that make its purification, filtration and storage functions possible. First is the filtration segment or compartment that is at the top most section of the container. This has been placed next to the opening where the water to be purified is poured in through. It originally comes with clean pebbles for sedimentation of foreign par ticles mostly found in water harvested from rivers and other water sources in the region. The flow of water into the filtration chamber is regulated by a narrowly designed opening so that the filtration process is gradual and hence all particles are eliminated at this stage. The adjacent chamber is that of chlorination or purification through sterilization. There are granules in this chamber that aid in this method. To ensure that this is cost effective, the

effects, uses and benefits of coffee

effects, uses and benefits of coffee INTRODUCTION : Coffee is one of the most popular beverages in the world and it is the second most traded physical commodity worldwide, ranking second only to petroleum. There are two main types of coffee beans which are Arabica and Robusta. These two types of coffee beans make up over 90% of coffee beans sold worldwide.   Arabica typically produce higher quality coffees, while Robusta are more economically favourable for their hardiness to thrive. From the beans, it can be turn out to many types of coffee drinks such as cappuccino, latte, espresso, mocha and others. The taste of the coffee that is simply delightful of course makes it as one of the reasons why people love to drink coffee. In Seremban, Malaysia (my current location), there are so many coffee shops such as Starbucks, Old Town White Coffee, etc. The fact that why I chose coffee to be my experiment is because there are so many waste coffee being produced every day, whether from kitchen waste or from coffee shops. It is such a waste if the waste coffee is being thrown away just like that. The question in my mind about what can I do with these waste coffee had trigger me to do a research in internet and I found that many people use waste coffee grounds to be as fertilizer and they claim that the waste coffee grounds can stimulate the growth of plants. I admit that this knowledge is something new to me. Then, I make a further reading about coffee in the internet. It was said that coffee grounds can stimulate the growth of plants is because due to the nutrients that present in coffee grounds such as nitrogen, potassium, calcium etc which are the elements essential to plant growth. Not only that, coffee grounds also help plants by being a great slug deterrent because the presence of caffeine in coffee gives toxic effect on slugs and thus slugs will avoid eat plants that have coffee solution (high concentration of caffeine can kill the slugs). Another reason that makes coffee be as a good fertilizer is because the pH of the coffee that is acidic, which is in range between 3.0 and 5.0 that can help plants to grow better by reducing the pH of the soil (increase soil acidity) thus it is suitable to use on acid loving plants. Besides that, the presence of coffee grounds in the soil can attract worms to eat them. As we know, the presence of worms plays a vital role in soil and aids in the growth of plants such as help water flow through the soil, break down organic matter, produce castings that act as fertilizer and others. As been mentioned above, there are several reasons why people said waste coffee grounds are good for plants. But, there are also arguments that said coffee can retard the growth of plants because the presence of caffeine that makes the growth of the plant to slow down and make the plant tend to be small in size. So, it can be that the plants are growing slower because of the caffeine and it also can be a possibility that the benefits of coffee that I stated in paragraph before cause the plants to grow much faster and better. There is no definite answer regarding this. Thus, there are so many questions in my mind regarding this whether waste coffee grounds can help the plants to grow much better or not, and why. Is it because the nutrients present in the coffee, or the acidity of the coffee, or because coffee can attract worms and deter slugs? So, this doubt has leaded me to choose this topic to be as my Biology Extended Essay topic in IB programme. I would like to carry out an experiment to study the relationship between waste coffee grounds and its effects on plant. A research question has been constructed which is How do different concentrations of used coffee grounds which are 0 gram, 2 grams, 4 gram and 6 grams affect the growth of Coleus, Solenostemon scutellarioides sp in term of height, diameter and number of leaves?. To narrow the scope of the study, from the reasons why coffee is said can help to stimulate the growth of plants, I chose to eliminate the factor of slug deterrent and worms attraction by having this experiment conducted in my bedroom (near the window). So, the scope of study is whether the nutrients and acidity in the coffee affect the growth of the plants or not. As stated in the research question, the plant that will be used in my experiment is Solenostemon scutellarioides sp. and the type of coffe e to be used is arabica. The coffee used in this experiment: Coffea arabica Coffea arabica, also known as mountain coffee or arabica coffee, is a species of coffee from Rubiaceae family and it is native to the countries of Yemen and Ethiopia. Due to its quality, coffea arabica are said to be among the best coffee beans in the world and contains less caffeine compared to some other coffee plants such as robusta and liberica. A high quality coffee should consist of 100% arabica beans in order to produce a good taste and flavour. Thus, for my experiment, I will use waste coffee from McDonald because they use 100% arabica beans in their coffee drinks and plus, the location of McDonald is near to my hostel. The plant used in this experiment: Coleus, Solenostemon scutellarioides sp. Locally know as ati-ati, Coleus or scientifically known as Solenostemon scutellarioides sp is a species of perennial and a member of Lamiaceae family. Originally from Southeast Asia and Malaysia, Solenostemon scutellarioides sp is now grown over most of the world. This plant also known as painted leaf, painted nettle and flame nettle. Desired for their colourful foliage, Solenostemon scutellarioides sp has more than 300 cultivars in a huge variety of colours. The leaves of Solenostemon scutellarioides sp can exist in several colours such as green, yellow, red, maroon, pink, purple and almost every colour except for blue. Most leaves have two or more sharply contrasting colours. Solenostemon scutellarioides sp as is used widely in Malaysia as traditional medicine to cure headache, fever, cough etc. Coleus.  (2010). Retrieved August 07, 2010 from Margarets Garden: http://margaretsgarden.wordpress.com/à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹2010/à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹07/à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹29/à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹coleus/à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ Reasons for choosing Solenostemon scutellarioides sp for my experiment: Solenostemon scutellarioides sp is a beautiful plant, and I can say it is one of my favourite plants. Solenostemon scutellarioides sp is easy to get (since it is native to Malaysia) and easy to care because it needs low maintenance. Since Solenostemon scutellarioides sp can grow in partially shaded area where the sunlight is indirect, I can place them in my bedroom for this experiment. Solenostemon scutellarioides sp can grow fast and also resistant to most diseases and insects. From my reading in internet, there is no experiment has been done to study the effects of coffee on the growth of Solenostemon scutellarioides sp. The significance of this experiment: To find alternative to chemical fertilizers. To implement 3R (reduce, reuse, recycle) method on organic waste. To reduce the cost of planting. Limitations: Further investigation: According to statistic that had been announced by Ministry of Housing and Local Government Malaysia, each person in Malaysia produced at least 0.8 kg of waste every day, and 40% of the waste is organic waste which is from kitchen waste. For my experiment, I just use one of the organic wastes which is coffee to be tested on plants. So, my further investigation in the next time is to use other organic waste such as tea waste, animal bones (chicken, fish), fruit peels (mango, orange), animal exoskeletons (crab, prawn) and others. HYPOTHESIS : From my introduction, there are opinions that said coffee grounds can promote the growth of plants. It might be because of the use of used coffee grounds would add nutrients to the soil such as nitrogen, potassium, calcium and others. Coffee grounds also are said can increase the soil acidity due to the behaviour of the coffee that is acidic. Since Solenostemon scutellarioides sp best grows in slightly acidic or neutral soil, so I will use alkaline soil which pH in range between 7.5 and 8.5 so the coffee grounds can reduce the pH of the soil to neutral or slightly acidic soil. By using this assumption, a hypothesis is constructed which is the higher the concentration of waste coffee use the greater the growth of Solenostemon scutellarioides sp, with my prediction that Solenostemon scutellarioides sp that grow in pots that receive the highest concentration of used coffee grounds will show the most positive growth, meaning that the Solenostemon scutellarioides sp have the greatest increase in term of height, diameter and number of leaves compared to the other Solenostemon scutellarioides sp in the other groups. The reason is because the Solenostemon scutellarioides sp supposedly got the highest nutrients from the coffee grounds which are mainly nitrogen and potassium compared to the other Solenostemon scutellarioides sp in the other groups. APPARATUS AND MATERIALS : 12 small pots (height: 10cm, diameter: 14cm) metre ruler thread pH meter 50 cm3 beaker 10 litres of black soil 12 Coleus stems (Solenostemon scutellarioides sp) 2 kg used coffee grounds (coffea arabica) water spatula permanent marker pen electronic balance spade VARIABLES : Independent variable : weight (gram) of used coffee grounds which are 0 gram (no coffee grounds), 2 grams, 4 grams and 6 grams. Use different concentrations of used coffee grounds to add on to different pots of the Solenostemon scutellarioides sp. The concentrations are manipulated by using different weight of used coffee grounds in the unit of gram. Dependent variable : the growth of Solenostemon scutellarioides sp The growth of Solenostemon scutellarioides sp is indicating by the diameter of the stem, height and number of leaves of the Solenostemon scutellarioides sp. Height is measured from the ground to the highest part of the plant. Diameter is measured at the same part of the stem each time measurement is taken. That part is mark by using a permanent marker pen. Height and diameter are measured in the unit of centimetre by using thread and metre ruler. Constant variable : for all experiments, these things are need to be constant The type of plant used which is Coleus, Solenostemon scutellarioides sp The volume of water each time the Solenostemon scutellarioides sp is watered which is (30.0  ± 0.5) cm3 The time to water the plant which is at morning (8.00 am) and evening (5.30 pm) The type of soil used which is black soil. The type of coffee ground use which is arabica. The volume of soil per pot which is (6.0  ± 0.5) cm (height) of the pot. The size of the pot used which height is 10 cm and diameter is 14 cm. The quantity of Solenostemon scutellarioides sp stem per pot which is one. The location of the experiment which is at partially shaded place where the plant can get at least 6 hours of sunlight. For this experiment, the place will be in my room. The duration of the experiment which is 4 weeks. PARAMETERS : The following parameters are recorded throughout my experiment The height of the Solenostemon scutellarioides sp. The stems diameter of the Solenostemon scutellarioides sp. The number of leaves of the Solenostemon scutellarioides sp. The pH of the soil. PROCEDURE : Prepare four groups of pots. Each group has three pots. Name the groups as A, B, C and D. Labelled all the pots according to their group Group A Pot A1, A2 and A3 Group B Pot B1, B2 and B3 Group C Pot C1, C2 and C3 Group D Pot D1, D2 and D3 Measure the pH of the black soil that will be used by using a pH meter. Then fill each pot with the black soil until it reaches a height of 6 cm. For all pots, put a Solenostemon scutellarioides sp stem into the soil. Place all the pots at a partially shaded place where the Solenostemon scutellarioides sp can receive at least 6 hours of sunlight. (For this experiment, the place will be in my room) During week 1, water each of the Solenostemon scutellarioides sp with (30.0  ± 0.5) cm3 of water twice a day in the morning at 8.00 am and at the evening at 5.30 pm by using a 50cm3 beaker. At the end of week 1, measure the height of Solenostemon scutellarioides sp and diameter (in the unit of centimetre) by using thread and metre ruler. Starting from week 2, water all the plants as in step 5, but at time 5.30 pm, add together with the water For each pot in: Group A Controlled experiment. Add no coffee grounds. Group B Add 2 grams of used coffee grounds. Group C Add 4 grams of used coffee grounds. Group D Add 6 grams of used coffee grounds. For every week, measure the diameter of the stem, height and number of leaves of the Solenostemon scutellarioides sp in each pot. Repeat steps 6 and 7 until week 4. At the end of week 4, measure the pH of the soil in each pot. Record all the data in the table below. Note : * Dry the used coffee ground first before use it to prevent mould from growing on it. * For each of the Solenostemon scutellarioides sp, mark a point at the part of the stem that is (2.0  ± 0.5) cm above the ground for diameter measurement by using a permanent marker. Every diameter measurement will be taken at the part of the stem that has been marked. WEEK 1 : Group Pot Height / cm ( ±0.05) Diameter / cm ( ±0.05) Number of leaves Soil pH A A1 A2 A3 B B1 B2 B3 C C1 C2 C3 D D1 D2 D3 WEEK 2 : Group Pot Height / cm ( ±0.1) Diameter / cm ( ±0.1) Number of leaves Soil pH A A1 A2 A3 B B1 B2 B3 C C1 C2 C3 D D1 D2 D3 WEEK 3 : Group Pot Height / cm ( ±0.1) Diameter / cm ( ±0.1) Number of leaves Soil pH A A1 A2 A3 B B1 B2 B3 C C1 C2 C3 D D1 D2 D3 WEEK 4 : Group Pot Height / cm ( ±0.1) Diameter / cm ( ±0.1) Number of leaves Soil pH A A1 A2 A3 B B1 B2 B3 C C1 C2 C3 D D1 D2 D3 Changes in quantitative data from week 1 to week 4 : Group Pot Changes in height / cm ( ±0.1) Changes in diameter / cm ( ±0.1) Changes in number of leaves Changes in soil pH A A1 A2 A3 B B1 B2 B3 C C1 C2 C3 D D1 D2 D3

censorhf Censorship of Huckleberry Finn :: Adventures Huckleberry Huck Finn Essays

Censorship of Huckleberry Finn      Ã‚  Ã‚   As parents, it is important for you to know what information your child receives, especially in the learning environment of a classroom. The thought of your child reading a racially offensive book is unacceptable. Some people find Mark Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn racially offensive. If you as parents perceive this book to be offensive, it may lead some of you to request that teachers and administrators not allow students to read this book in school. I ask that you consider other options before taking this action. The actual reasons for the censorship of Huckleberry Finn depend on many other factors: fear of uneducated or insensitive teachers leading student discussions, school administrators who wish to avoid controversy and discomfort with acknowledging our country's painful history.    What some people find offensive about this story is the language Huck Finn uses. In the story, Huck often refers to Jim as a "nigger," which some groups find unnecessary and reprehensible. In the minds of administrators and teachers, there is an easy solution by using less-controversial books. John Wallace, a school superintendent, writes, "Pejorative terms should not be granted any legitimacy by their use in the classroom under the guise of teaching books of great literary merit, nor for any other reason" (18). Why are we afraid of these "pejorative terms," instead of explaining to students what they mean and why white people used to use them to address African-Americans? Yet instead of finding out why we worry if the children read a derogative term used commonly over a century ago, we ignore the subject and pat ourselves on the backs for saving children's minds. Huckleberry Finn addresses topics dealing with race which are still relevant today. We cannot expect to solve the racial problems today by banning literature that deals directly with these issues. Twain writes about a friendship between a slave and a white youth; he demonstrates the lack of reason behind racist thought. These topics are not harmful to African-Americans, and if taught correctly, can be a positive learning experience.    Instead of addressing these issues, administrators often remove the controversial book from the class reading list and replace it with another book. Former Justice William Douglas is noted for his concern with First Amendment freedoms on the Supreme Court. He writes, "The First Amendment does not say that there is freedom of expression provided the talk is not 'dangerous'.

Business and Administration

Unit three: Principles of managing information and producing documents Assessment You should use this file to complete your Assessment. †¢ The first thing you need to do is save a copy of this document, either onto your computer or a disk †¢ Then work through your Assessment, remembering to save your work regularly †¢ When you’ve finished, print out a copy to keep for reference †¢ Then, go to www. vision2learn. com and send your completed Assessment to your tutor via your My Study area – make sure it is clearly marked with your name, the course title and the Unit and Assessment number.Please note that this Assessment document has 5 pages and is made up of 4 Sections. †¢ Name: Patricia Hayton Section 1 – Understand the purpose of information technology in a business environment 1. In relation to your current business environment (or one that you are familiar with), identify at least two different types of information technology that may be used when completing work tasks. Word processing Databases Information exchange 2.What are the benefits to businesses (and others) of using information technology for doing work tasks? The benefits are:- share information quickly and efficiently Improve work Cost effective Communicate world wide Flexibility New possibilities More productive Section 2 – Understand how to manage electronic and paper-based information 1. Explain the purpose of agreeing objectives and deadlines when researching information. If possible, refer to specific examples from research tasks you have worked on to support your answer.It is important to agree objectives and deadlines when researching information so that everybody knows when a task has to be completed by and what it has got to say. It my hold information that helps make business decisions. It help focus on task and stops waste resources. The business may be un efficient if not agreed. If you do not agree deadlines and objectives in tasks yo u may waste time looking up unneeded information. 2. Identify the different ways of researching, organising and reporting information. a) For your own organisation (or one you know well), describe the procedures that need to be followed when archiving, retrieving and deleting information. Your answer should cover procedures for both electronic and paper-based information. 3b) When following the procedures outlined in Question 3a above, are there any legal requirements to consider? Yes you must consider :- data protection act 1998 Retention periods Industry specific legal requirements 4. Why is confidentiality critical when managing information?Confidentiality is critical when managing information as it is a legal requirement and may show the business as inefficient and slack if not managed and could lead to the business breaking the law. Section 3 – Understand the purpose of producing documents that are fit for purpose 1. Identify at least two reasons for producing documents that are fit for purpose. †¢ 2. Use the table below to describe some of the different types and styles of documents that are produced in a business environment, and then explain when these different options may be used. Documents |When they are used | | |Inform clients of purchases | |reports |Share budgets with investors and share holders | | | | | |To track funds going in and out | |Accounting documents | | | | | | |Fast way to transit documents in paper format | |fax | | | | | | |Very formal, permanent written document that can be sent to clients | |Business letter |but not as quick as some documents. | | | | Section 4 – Know the procedures to be followed when producing documentsIn most organisations, time is taken to agree the purpose, content, layout, quality standards and deadlines for the production of documents. What are the reasons for doing this level of planning? †¢ To know what the customer wants †¢ Avoid problems †¢ Provide th e right information †¢ Present in a logical steps 2. Businesses will spend time checking finished documents for accuracy and correctness. a) How is this done? Can use word processing which will check spelling and grammer but may not pick up all mistakes. †¢ Read through the documents to check for grammer and spelling mistakes b) Why is this done? To make sure the document is fit for purpose and is what the client wants with no spelling or grammer mistakes. 3.Explain the purpose of following confidentiality and data protection procedures when preparing documents. It is a good ethical business practice, 4. In business environments, there is often a requirement to use notes as the basis for text and documents. a) Compare the different types of documents that can be produced from notes and include a description of the format of each document. b) Explain the procedures to be followed when preparing text from notes. Purpose of document Format of document Clarity Details Facts On ce you have completed all 4 Sections of this Assessment, go to www. vision2learn. com and send your work to your tutor for marking. Business and Administration Unit three: Principles of managing information and producing documents Assessment You should use this file to complete your Assessment. †¢ The first thing you need to do is save a copy of this document, either onto your computer or a disk †¢ Then work through your Assessment, remembering to save your work regularly †¢ When you’ve finished, print out a copy to keep for reference †¢ Then, go to www. vision2learn. com and send your completed Assessment to your tutor via your My Study area – make sure it is clearly marked with your name, the course title and the Unit and Assessment number.Please note that this Assessment document has 5 pages and is made up of 4 Sections. †¢ Name: Patricia Hayton Section 1 – Understand the purpose of information technology in a business environment 1. In relation to your current business environment (or one that you are familiar with), identify at least two different types of information technology that may be used when completing work tasks. Word processing Databases Information exchange 2.What are the benefits to businesses (and others) of using information technology for doing work tasks? The benefits are:- share information quickly and efficiently Improve work Cost effective Communicate world wide Flexibility New possibilities More productive Section 2 – Understand how to manage electronic and paper-based information 1. Explain the purpose of agreeing objectives and deadlines when researching information. If possible, refer to specific examples from research tasks you have worked on to support your answer.It is important to agree objectives and deadlines when researching information so that everybody knows when a task has to be completed by and what it has got to say. It my hold information that helps make business decisions. It help focus on task and stops waste resources. The business may be un efficient if not agreed. If you do not agree deadlines and objectives in tasks yo u may waste time looking up unneeded information. 2. Identify the different ways of researching, organising and reporting information. a) For your own organisation (or one you know well), describe the procedures that need to be followed when archiving, retrieving and deleting information. Your answer should cover procedures for both electronic and paper-based information. 3b) When following the procedures outlined in Question 3a above, are there any legal requirements to consider? Yes you must consider :- data protection act 1998 Retention periods Industry specific legal requirements 4. Why is confidentiality critical when managing information?Confidentiality is critical when managing information as it is a legal requirement and may show the business as inefficient and slack if not managed and could lead to the business breaking the law. Section 3 – Understand the purpose of producing documents that are fit for purpose 1. Identify at least two reasons for producing documents that are fit for purpose. †¢ 2. Use the table below to describe some of the different types and styles of documents that are produced in a business environment, and then explain when these different options may be used. Documents |When they are used | | |Inform clients of purchases | |reports |Share budgets with investors and share holders | | | | | |To track funds going in and out | |Accounting documents | | | | | | |Fast way to transit documents in paper format | |fax | | | | | | |Very formal, permanent written document that can be sent to clients | |Business letter |but not as quick as some documents. | | | | Section 4 – Know the procedures to be followed when producing documentsIn most organisations, time is taken to agree the purpose, content, layout, quality standards and deadlines for the production of documents. What are the reasons for doing this level of planning? †¢ To know what the customer wants †¢ Avoid problems †¢ Provide th e right information †¢ Present in a logical steps 2. Businesses will spend time checking finished documents for accuracy and correctness. a) How is this done? Can use word processing which will check spelling and grammer but may not pick up all mistakes. †¢ Read through the documents to check for grammer and spelling mistakes b) Why is this done? To make sure the document is fit for purpose and is what the client wants with no spelling or grammer mistakes. 3.Explain the purpose of following confidentiality and data protection procedures when preparing documents. It is a good ethical business practice, 4. In business environments, there is often a requirement to use notes as the basis for text and documents. a) Compare the different types of documents that can be produced from notes and include a description of the format of each document. b) Explain the procedures to be followed when preparing text from notes. Purpose of document Format of document Clarity Details Facts On ce you have completed all 4 Sections of this Assessment, go to www. vision2learn. com and send your work to your tutor for marking.

The Ancient City of Uruk

The metropolis of Uruk was at its most influential from 4000-3000 BCE, and its rise and enlargement can be partly attributed to the absence of prestige stuffs in the southern alluvial sediment ( Joffe 1994, 512 ) . Low entree to these stuffs led to the desire for trade and the formation of extended relationships with other metropoliss, which, along with other factors, led to the enlargement of Uruk, an event which can be displayed by a rapid population addition and drastic societal alteration. Previously, the belief that Uruk had low entree to raw stuffs was widespread, but this belief is baseless, as Uruk had about everything it needed but lumber. It has been observed that most local trees and reeds may hold served for Uruk’s demand for wood, demuring the edifice of big, monumental public architecture ( Joffe 1994, 514 ) . Though the alluvial field was fertile and rich, a premier topographic point for agribusiness, and so had most resources needed for endurance, Uruk’s entree to luxury stuffs was highly low. It has been argued that a chief stuff that drove the demand for trade was lumber, but this has been disputed by the fact that most monumental edifices in Uruk are composed of gypsum, which was a locally sourced rock, every bit good as the aforesaid beginning of local trees and reeds ( Joffe 1994, 513 ) . The cardinal thrust for trade was most likely the desire for luxury points such as semi-precious rocks and metals, objects which have been found within Uruk though they were sourced from rather far off. Evidence of this long-distance trade is found within entombments of a manner which moved off from that of the Ubaid period with the add-on of sedate goods ; objects such as mirrors and Cu axes were found within Gravess in Susa, the Cu imported from the mountains about 200 kilometers off ( Jennings 2010, 59 ) . Trade would hold ab initio been instituted near by, with colonies in close propinquity to Uruk, before traveling farther out to topographic points with more alien goods. These countries, along with supplying stuffs to another metropolis, would hold had a desire for the forte points being produced in Uruk with the addition of stuffs available. Artifacts of Uruk manner have been found from Egypt to topographic points every bit distant as Pakistan, with advanced clayware from Uruk traded for cherished rocks, gold, and other such stuffs ( Jennings 2010, 67 ) . As Uruk’s influence, as the trade Centre of the period, increase d over clip, the desire to keep the flow of goods into the metropolis precipitated the enlargement of Mesopotamian dregss along the trade path with the constitution of trading outstations ; this development allowed goods to be ferried between colonies instead than over long distances, many of these outstations walled and supplying a safer path for the prestigiousness points ( Jennings 2010, 68 ) . The prevalence of trade made immediate the issue of travel between these outstations, and so along with the usual agencies of conveyance – by pes – more efficient agencies were discovered and put to utilize, such as boats and sleighs ; donkeys were introduced to the profession of trade, as were wheeled vehicles ( Jennings 2010, 69 ; Joffe 1994, 515 ) . Equally good as a more efficient agencies of travel, the first signifier of authorship was developed in Uruk ; this was economic, and developed because of the increasing prevalence of trade. In response to the laterality of trade, Uruk underwent a monolithic enlargement of its boundary lines. Many colonies that have been identified by several historiographers as trading settlements were set up along common Uruk trading paths, and architecture characteristic to Uruk has been found in little communities along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, on the outskirts of Mesopotamia ( Algaze 1989, 571-608 ; Surenhagen 1986 ) . Some colonial outstations had become more than simple stop-overs for going bargainers, and had accumulated plenty wealth to justify protection by tall rock walls ( Jennings 2010, 68 ) . A chief cause of enlargement in Uruk was increased specialization in the production of goods. The increased handiness of prestige stuffs due to success in trade led to an inflow of people, both impermanent occupants – from trading colonies – and lasting occupants – from colonies that were incorporated into the metropolis of Uruk, under bid of the new-found elite. Equally good as external colonies, people were likely traveling into the metropolis with the hopes of thriving in their peculiar trade and providing to increased demand for luxury points. The alteration in the fabrication of fabrics, from flax to wool, is an illustration of the specialization that occurred, and is possibly one of the more important cases: woolly sheep were introduced from the North, and woollen cloths had many advantages, including the easiness with which they took dye ( Jennings 2010, 65 ) . The coloring of cloth was particularly of import in this new age of increasing societal stratification, and wool was besides far more convenient as it took far less attempt for laborers to bring forth ( Jennings 2010, 65 ) . Another root of the quickly increasing population of Uruk, unrelated to stuffs, is an inflow of refugees from fall ining city states in Sumer, but this can besides be attributed to the rise in power and influence of Uruk, its wealth and prosperity ma intaining it afloat where other metropoliss failed ( Jennings 2010, 69 ) . Equally good as trade and subsequent enlargement flowering from the desire for natural stuffs, a profound alteration in societal fortunes occurred. With a booming economic system within Uruk, as the Centre of trade during this period, societal stratification began to happen, with degrees being distinguished between the elite and the on the job category. The distribution of wealth was a major factor, those with the most holding places of power within the trading Centre. The development of composing farther separated the categories, as acquisition to compose would hold been something that was restricted to the elite, but what was most of import, as Algaze says, was economic distinction, as economic distinction leads to societal distinction ( 2001, 204 ) . There are many illustrations of differences between societal categories, one being a list of professions found widely, from Uruk to Ebla, ordered harmonizing to the rank of rubrics held by the elite ( Nissen 1986, 329 ) . This list na mes leaders of peculiar groups, from presidents, courtiers, and embassadors, to priests, nurserymans, bakers and throwers ( Nissen 1986,329 ) . Through this list and others like it – as it is the most extremely reproduced list from the period – it is possible to see the rigorous hierarchy that developed in Uruk with lifting wealth position. Another index of position can be seen in the grave goods, mentioned above. With the Uruk period came a move off from the old Ubaid period-style of entombments, and the inclusion of sedate goods began, which was another distinguishable symbol of position. With a more affluent civilization, more luxuriant entombments became common, and the more luxuriant the grave goods included, the higher the position of the resident of the grave. Another new thought displayed in this period was that of the person, and single ownership displayed by clay seals ; these were used to track traded goods and grade ownership, and this thought was non conta ined to Uruk. A broad assortment of seals have been found within Uruk and without, subsequently conforming to other social manners, their visual aspect altering circumstantially but keeping the original Uruk ideals ( Nissen 1986, 320 ) . A metropolis can merely spread out to a certain extent, and this applies to Uruk. The thrust for trade through the desire for entree to raw stuffs created the chance for Uruk to spread out its influence, its population lifting with its wealth and complexness. Over clip, the lower categories in society were pushed to spread out agribusiness, which intensified to back up the lifting population of specializers who did non bring forth their ain nutrient. This led to over-irrigation, and the one time fertile, rich land of the southern alluvial field was subjected to environmental impairment, which finally led to the prostration of agribusiness ( Algaze 2001, 218 ) . Equally good as the terrible overburdening of the land, Uruk’s lessening in influence can be attributed to a supposed addition in ill will in Mesopotamia as colonies fought for connexions to the trading web ; ill will in the country can be seen in the copiousness of walled colonies, such as Habuba Kabira and Sheikh Hass an ( Jennings 2010, 60 ) . Even as Uruk declined, other countries had been influenced by Uruk’s thoughts, which travelled along with trade stuffs, and little colonies became involved in widespread trade, viing with each other for the more successful trading spouse with high entree to critical stuffs and making lifting force. Equally good as ill will, it appears that Uruk decided to turn away from its dependance on an early planetary economic system based on trade and external variables, from long distance relationships jeopardised by force and competition from and between other provinces, and towards the local economic system. Uruk’s local economic system was able to be managed in a much more efficient manner since the innovation of the authorship system, and so colonies were able to distance themselves from trading and the metropolis, and develop as their ain entities ( Jennings 2010, 71 ) . But even as Uruk’s methods were embraced by some, other countries such as Tepe Gawra rejected many of the rules which other topographic points were so eager to take up, and this is displayed by the low sum of Uruk-style clayware that was found in the country, while at the same clip in many other parts these types of goods were quickly go arounding ; this part besides maintained their ain distinguishable manner of entombment, non conforming to the new Uruk manner ( Jennings 2010, 72 ) . Uruk was an country with low entree to raw stuffs, and it displayed an astonishing ability to accommodate to its fortunes and specify a new manner of life which would distribute across Mesopotamia. Trade provided it entree to the luxury stuffs it required, and this gave birth to a rapid period of enlargement and wealth, which created the first known grounds of social stratification. The limited entree to critical stuffs, though non the lone variable, was the trigger for the rise and eventual autumn of the metropolis of Uruk.